Feng Xiaoping
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Research

The generative market hypothesis,
and the three directions it grew

One hypothesis, three directions, four deliverables. What follows is what I am working on, how far it has gone, and which parts have no answer yet.

Generative marketsWind-Change IndexScenario generationMulti-agent simulationHuman–AI cognition
Hypothesis

Markets are generated through interaction; they do not wait in equilibrium

Efficient-market theory asks whether prices have already absorbed information. The generative hypothesis changes the starting point: price is the residue of interaction, and information itself is produced inside that interaction.

A comparison of two research programs. It is not a verdict on either paradigm.
QuestionEfficient marketGenerative market
What is a marketAn information aggregator that tends toward equilibriumA process that keeps taking temporary shape
What is priceThe discounted result of informationThe residue of the last interaction, and a prompt for the next
Source of uncertaintyIncomplete information, progressively removableStructure itself changes, so old information expires
Research taskEstimate true valueIdentify generative mechanisms and turning signals
Decision meaningOptimize allocation, beat mispricingGenerate options, reset the problem and the rules
Testable implications
  • Price series should be non-stationary and path-dependent, not stationary fluctuation around an equilibrium.
  • Rising dispersion of participant behavior should lead structural repricing, not follow it.
  • Changes in network connectivity should predict non-linear contractions in liquidity.
Still open
  • Can "generativity" be captured by one stable statistic, or only by a combination of indicators?
  • If structure keeps changing, where is the validity boundary of backtesting?
  • In markets with heavy policy intervention, how does generation couple with institutional constraints?
Direction 01

Business ecosystems

Treat an industry as an ecosystem rather than a racetrack: firms, consumers, regulators and technical standards are each other's environment, and structures form and collapse at thresholds.

Niche mappingAgent-based modelingAdaptive strategyWind-change thresholds
Problem

Why strategy is always half a beat late

Because strategy is built on the causality of the previous ecosystem. When the ecosystem changes, yesterday's optimum becomes a burden, while the organization keeps optimising the old metric.

Method

Run the ecosystem with ABM

Write firms, consumers and regulators as agents with rules, so that niches, subsidy wars and standards competition emerge in simulation instead of being assumed.

Output

Niche map and threshold signals

Who sits where, which rule yields the rent, and which signals indicate the structure is switching tracks.

Direction 02

Investment decisions

From predicting the market to generating opportunity: define a problem nobody has framed, then create options that can be tested. Decision quality is whether it still holds when you do not know.

Scenario generationRobust decisionsTrigger signalsDecision review
Paradigm

The return on forecasting is falling

When structure itself moves, more precise forecasts can reduce the robustness of a decision. What you need is not a better point estimate but a better order of action.

Method

Scenario generation, not scenario forecasting

Do not list possible futures; let scenarios arise from the interaction rules of the agents. Each path carries trigger conditions and observable early signals.

Output

Decision framework v1.0

A workflow usable in a meeting: problem definition, scenario generation, signal monitoring, review and calibration. With a whitepaper and templates.

Direction 03

Cognitive science & AI

Agents in open worlds cannot live on pre-training. They learn while acting, evolve with people, and let system-level cognition exceed the sum of its parts.

AI agentsOpen-world learningHuman–AI teamsEmergent cognition
Problem

After the answer arrives, the question remains

Large models are good at problems that are already well posed. The difficulty in real decisions is that the problem is wrong, vague, or not yet posed.

Method

Let the agent generate the problem

Build agents that rewrite their objective through sustained interaction with the environment, exposing their own assumptions through action rather than fitting offline data.

Output

Reusable architecture and experiments

An agent architecture for open tasks, plus controlled comparisons against conventional forecasting models.

Agenda

A long line from tool to school

Each phase leaves reusable theory and tools for the next one, rather than a list of disconnected projects.

1–2 YEARS

Foundations and visible output

  • Wind-Change Index: volatility, entropy and behavioral dispersion combined to measure how much structure is being replaced.
  • Empirical test: high-frequency data checked for non-stationarity, path dependence and self-organized criticality.
  • Decision framework v1.0: scenario workflow, whitepaper, templates.
2–5 YEARS

System and school

  • Simulation platform: open-source ABM for firms, consumers and regulators.
  • Cognitive agents: opportunity-generating agents tested against forecasting models.
  • Local theory: evolution under policy-driven, platform-based and relational economies.
5–10 YEARS

Paradigm and future

  • Emergent cognition in teams: can a human–AI system know more than either?
  • Generative economics: rebuilding the base assumptions of economics around generation.
  • A unified account: markets, strategy, innovation and organizational evolution in one frame.
Position

Not racing on the existing tracks

This position sits in the applied layer of complex-systems science, with "generation" as the unifying frame.

The table describes differences in position, not the value of other institutions' work.
InstitutionIts strengthWhat is added here
Santa Fe InstituteFoundational work on complexity, emergence, evolutionTranslation into decision tools firms and investors can use
MIT SloanScientific, empirical approach to managementThe generative paradigm beyond predict-and-optimize
DeepMind / OpenAIGeneral AI capability and model scaleAgents tested inside the open environment of business decisions
Strategy consultingMature method and organizational reachNo certainty on offer; scenarios and signals that can be overturned
Papers

Published working paper

A theory is more useful published in a discussable form than withheld until it is "complete".

2026 · WORKING PAPER

Penta-Fluid Organization Theory: An Ontological Reconstruction of Organizational Form in the Digital Age

Replacing departmental ontology with functional ontology: five functions in dynamic coupling, a three-layer superstructure, five separated powers, and five testable propositions.

2026 · WORKING PAPER

Breaking the Coordination Failure of Industrial Chains: Digital Ecosystem Coupling Governance and Firm Value Creation

Information potential difference explains coordination failure and transaction costs; three mechanisms and five testable propositions, with exploratory evidence from an automobile chain and a chemical park.

Theory

A theory line still forming

No paper yet — only a language of analysis and one architecture figure. Published early so that it can be refuted.

2026 · THEORY NOTE · WORKING HYPOTHESIS

The Edge: A Gap Left by Partial Observability

Restating "edge and generation" as a problem that already has a name: the state is hidden, so you maintain a belief; when the belief moves, the policy resets. Four concepts — non-equilibrium forcing, weak signals, attention density, generative value — each anchored to a computable object.

Read the note (~8 min) The four concepts have definitions, not yet measurements.
Collaborate

Does any of this overlap with what you are working on?

Research collaboration, closed-door workshops, quarterly advisory — all starting from a real problem.